Closed Comedones: What They Are and How to Treat Them

• Commonly known as whiteheads, closed comedones are mild acne lesions caused by a buildup of oil and dead skin.
• There are many factors that contribute to the formation of whiteheads including hormones, diet and certain medications.
• Over-the-counter (OTC) topical treatments, such as benzoyl peroxide, are typically effective enough to prevent and treat whiteheads. 

Understanding the causes, prevention, and treatment of closed comedones is essential for maintaining healthy skin and preventing further breakouts. In this article, we will explore the factors that contribute to the formation of closed comedones.

What are Closed Comedones?

Closed comedones, also known as whiteheads, are small, skin-colored bumps that form when pores become completely blocked with dead skin cells and excess oil. They can appear anywhere on the skin but are most commonly found on the face, chest, back, and shoulders. Unlike open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones have a pore opening that is completely closed, trapping the material inside and forming a bump beneath the skin’s surface.

Causes of Closed Comedones

The formation of closed comedones is primarily caused by the excess production of sebum (an oily substance produced by the skin) and the buildup of dead skin cells. These materials can clog the pores, leading to the development of closed comedones. Other factors that contribute to their formation include hormonal fluctuations, skin sensitivities, irritations, and the use of occlusive or irritating skin-care products. Harsh or abrasive soaps, overhydrated skin, certain hair gels, and diets rich in sugar, saturated fat, and dairy can also increase the risk of developing closed comedones.

What are Open Comedones?

Open comedones, or blackheads, are small follicles with dilated openings to the skin, allowing oxidation of the debris within the follicle, leading to the black color. They are not caused by dirt and cannot be washed away. Blackheads are open-faced, and when the melanin pigment (found in the sebum produced by our oil glands) makes contact with the air at the top of an open comedone, it oxidizes and turns dark. This is why blackheads have a dark appearance. Open comedones can be found on the forehead, chin, and other areas of the face.

Closed Comedones vs. Open Comedones

To sum it up, closed comedones are characterized by small, skin-colored bumps with a completely closed pore opening, while open comedones have a dilated pore opening and a dark appearance due to the oxidation of the debris within the follicle. Both types of comedones are caused by the buildup of dead skin cells and excess oil, but they differ in their appearance and the openness of the pore.

How Closed Comedones Affect Your Skin

Physical Impacts

Closed comedones can have several physical impacts on the skin. If left untreated, they can progress into more severe forms of acne, such as inflamed pimples, papules, and pustules. Additionally, attempting to physically extract closed comedones (e.g., squeezing or popping them) can lead to infection, scarring, and further skin damage. It is essential to address closed comedones early and with appropriate treatments to minimize the risk of long-term skin damage.

Psychological Impacts

The presence of closed comedones and other forms of acne can have significant emotional and psychological effects on individuals. Acne has been linked to decreased self-esteem, difficulties in relationship building, and social activities. Moreover, acne can lead to feelings of shame, embarrassment, and frustration, which can negatively impact a person’s mental well-being and overall quality of life. Addressing closed comedones and maintaining healthy skin can help improve self-esteem and reduce the psychological burden associated with acne.

Finding Solutions for Clearer Skin

Over-the-Counter Treatments

There are several over-the-counter treatments available to help manage closed comedones. Some of the most common and effective options include:

1. Salicylic acid: This beta-hydroxy acid helps exfoliate the skin and unclog pores, making it an effective treatment for comedonal acne.
2. Benzoyl peroxide: This ingredient helps kill acne-causing bacteria and reduce inflammation, making it useful for treating both closed comedones and inflamed acne.
3. Retinoids: Topical retinoids, such as retinol, tretinoin, and adapalene, can help increase cell turnover and unclog pores, making them an effective treatment for closed comedones.
4. Azelaic acid: This ingredient has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, making it useful for treating closed comedones and other forms of acne.
5. Glycolic acid: This alpha-hydroxy acid helps exfoliate the skin and unclog pores, making it an effective treatment for closed comedones.

Professional Treatments

In some cases, closed comedones may not respond to over-the-counter treatments. In these situations, a dermatologist may recommend professional treatments such as:

1. Comedone extraction: A dermatologist or esthetician can manually extract closed comedones using a specialized tool.
2. Chemical peels: These treatments use acids, such as glycolic acid or salicylic acid, to exfoliate the skin and unclog pores.
3. Microdermabrasion: This procedure involves using a machine to exfoliate the skin and remove the top layer, helping to open and remove comedones.
4. Laser treatments: Some laser treatments can help reduce the appearance of closed comedones and improve overall skin texture.

Lifestyle Changes

In addition to using over-the-counter and professional treatments, making certain lifestyle changes can help prevent and manage closed comedones. Some recommendations include:

1. Maintaining a consistent skincare routine: Regularly cleansing, exfoliating, and moisturizing the skin can help prevent the buildup of dead skin cells and excess oil that contribute to closed comedones.
2. Using non-comedogenic products: Opt for skincare and makeup products that are labeled as non-comedogenic, meaning they won’t clog pores.
3. Adjusting your diet: Limiting the consumption of added sugars, fats, and dairy can help reduce inflammation, which is an underlying cause of comedones.
4. Staying hydrated: Drinking plenty of water can help maintain healthy skin and prevent the buildup of dead skin cells and excess oil.
5. Avoiding harsh or abrasive soaps and skincare products: Using gentle, non-irritating products can help prevent skin irritation and the formation of closed comedones.

Proactive Measures for Skin Health

Skin Care Practices

Maintaining a consistent skincare routine is crucial for preventing closed comedones. Some daily practices to follow include:

1. Cleansing your face twice a day with a mild soap and lukewarm water to avoid irritation.
2. Exfoliating your skin regularly to prevent the buildup of dead skin cells and excess oil.
3. Moisturizing your skin with a non-comedogenic product to maintain hydration without clogging pores.
4. Using over-the-counter treatments containing salicylic acid, benzoyl peroxide, or glycolic acid to help prevent the formation of closed comedones.

Products to Avoid

Certain products can contribute to the formation of closed comedones. To minimize the risk, avoid using:

1. Oil-containing skincare and cosmetics.
2. Products with isopropyl myristate or propylene glycol, which can be comedogenic.
3. Harsh or abrasive soaps and skincare products that can irritate the skin.
4. Hair gels made with oily pomade.
5. Coconut oil, lanolin, and algae extract, which can be comedogenic for acne-prone skin.

By following a consistent skincare routine, using non-comedogenic products, and avoiding comedogenic ingredients, you can proactively maintain healthy skin and prevent the formation of closed comedones.

Takeaway

In conclusion, closed comedones are a common form of acne caused by the blockage of pores with dead skin cells and excess oil. Understanding the causes, prevention, and treatment options for closed comedones is essential for maintaining healthy skin and preventing further breakouts. By following a consistent skincare routine, using non-comedogenic products, and making lifestyle changes, you can proactively maintain healthy skin and prevent the formation of closed comedones. 

Remember that everyone’s skin is unique, and finding the right combination of treatments and habits may take time. Stay patient and persistent in your journey to clearer skin, and consult a dermatologist if necessary for personalized guidance and support.

FAQs

What are closed comedones, and how are they related to comedonal acne?

Closed comedones, also known as whiteheads, are a form of comedonal acne. They are small bumps on the skin that occur when a hair follicle becomes clogged with excess sebum and dead skin cells. Unlike open comedones (blackheads), the top of the pore in closed comedones is completely blocked, causing the comedo to appear white or skin-colored. The presence of closed comedones, along with open comedones, is a characteristic feature of comedonal acne.

What skincare routine can help prevent closed comedones?

A skincare routine aimed at reducing oil production and preventing clogged pores can help manage closed comedones. It should include using a gentle cleanser, an oil-free moisturizer, and non-comedogenic creams. Regular exfoliation can help remove dead skin cells from the surface of the skin.

It’s also advisable to incorporate acne treatment products with active ingredients like salicylic acid or benzoyl peroxide, and sunscreen to protect the skin. Remember that what works might vary based on your skin type and the specific needs of your acne-prone skin.

Are there effective topical treatments for closed comedones?

Yes, topical treatments can effectively treat closed comedones. Retinoid creams, including tretinoin and adapalene, can help increase skin cell turnover, thereby unclogging pores. Over-the-counter options include salicylic acid and benzoyl peroxide, which work by exfoliating the skin and killing acne-causing bacteria. Natural remedies like tea tree oil also have antibacterial properties and can assist in reducing acne lesions. 

How do hormonal changes influence the formation of closed comedones?

Hormonal changes, particularly those during puberty, menstruation, or caused by contraceptives, can stimulate the sebaceous glands to produce excess sebum. This oil production, combined with dead skin cells, can lead to clogged pores and the formation of microcomedones, which can eventually develop into closed comedones or other types of acne, such as inflammatory acne or acne vulgaris.

Can dietary changes or lifestyle habits help in managing closed comedones?

Yes, alongside a proper skincare routine and acne treatments, certain dietary and lifestyle modifications can assist in managing closed comedones. It’s advisable to limit the use of heavy hair products that can contribute to oil buildup on the skin. Ensuring a balanced diet rich in antioxidants and low in refined sugars and fats can help regulate sebum production. 

Staying hydrated and maintaining regular sleep patterns can also positively influence skin health. It’s important to remember that while these measures can help, severe or persistent acne should be evaluated by a dermatologist for personalized treatment, which might include stronger treatments like isotretinoin.